7. The Massacre of Thessaloniki
One of the earliest recorded incidents of large scale massacre in history is the Massacre of Thessaloniki. It occurred in 390 CE when Gothic troops allegedly massacred 7,000 people. It was a retaliatory action by the Roman Emperor Theodosius I against the people Thessaloniki in Greece who had risen in revolt. The cause of the uprising had been Butherich or Botheric,
a Gothic magister militum in the Emperor's army, ordered to arrest a popular charioteer for trying to seduce and have sex with a servant of the emperor or even the magister militum himself. The charioteer was locked up in prison, but the citizens of Thessaloniki demanded his release. Butherich was murdered in the following turmoil, and so the Emperor intervened and
ordered executions.
8. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre was the worst of the 16th century's religious massacres. It has been estimated that over 5,000 Huguenots were killed in Paris and in the French provinces. This was a wave of Roman Catholic mob violence against the Calvinist Protestants popularly knows as Huguenots, during the French Wars of Religion. It had been traditionally believed to be instigated by Catherine de' Medici, the mother of King Charles IX. The massacre happened 6 days after the wedding of the king's sister to the Protestant Henry III of Navarre, who later became Henry IV. This was an occasion for which many of the most wealthy and prominent Huguenots had gathered in largely Catholic Paris. Events began two days after the attempted assassination of Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, a Huguenot military leader. Starting on 24 August 1572 (the feast of Bartholomew the Apostle) with the murder of Coligny, the massacres
spread throughout Paris, and later to other cities and the countryside, lasting for several months.
9. The Granada Massacre
On this tragic incident, about 4,000 persons died in one day of the more than 1,500 Jewish families. This incident occurred on December 30, 1066 when a Muslim mob stormed the royal palace in Granada in Spain, assassinated Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and massacred most of the Jewish population of the city.
10. The Sabra and Shatila Massacre
One of the more recent incidents of massacre that gained worldwide attention took place on September 15 and 16, 1982, the Sabra and Shatila Massacre. The number of victims of the massacre varies according to source: the lowest estimate is 328; the highest is placed at 3,500. It was a massacre carried out by the Lebanese Forces militia group. It is alleged that
Israeli Defense Forces allowed Lebanese Christian Phalangist militiamen to enter two Palestinian refugee camps, and that the militia massacred civilians inside. It was argued that the Israelis should have known that a massacre could occur, considering the assassination of Phalangist leader and prospective president Bachir Gemayel the day before, and given the long history of bad blood between the Palestinians and the Phalangists.
11. The Bolton Massacre
The Bolton Massacre happened on May 28, 1644 when 1,600 of Bolton's defenders and citizens were slaughtered during and after its storm and capture by Royalist forces. This incident is sometimes recorded as the Storming of Bolton, an episode in the English Civil War.
12. September Massacres
Another infamous massacre that occurred in France specifically in the city of Paris is the September Massacres. The incidents took place in late summer of 1792 during the French Revolution. By the time it had subsided, half the prison population of Paris had been executed: some 1,200 trapped prisoners, including many women and young boys. There were almost 1.400 prisoners who were condemned and executed; more than 200 of them were priests. Sporadic violence against the Roman Catholic Church continued throughout France for nearly a decade to come.
Get to know histories through: http://www.bukisa.com/articles/29176_12-infamous-massacres-in-history#ixzz0nDN9qV00
Saturday, August 7, 2010
Friday, August 6, 2010
12 INFAMOUS MASSACRES IN HISTORY - PART 1
Man's cruelty had been manifested many times in history through indiscriminate killings of human beings. This horrible act of men is called massacre. Here are 12 of the most tragic incidents of slaughter of people in history.
1. The Nanking Massacre
The massacre of Nanking according to reliable sources had estimated 200,000 - 300,000 victims, mostly civilians. This infamous tragedy is one of the most tragic in Chinese history. This incident is popularly called the Rape of Nanking, an act of violence committed by soldiers of the Japanese Imperial Army upon its occupation of China in December, 1937 and lasted until early February 1938. The Japanese army committed numerous atrocities, such as rape, looting, arson and the execution of prisoners of war and civilians. Hundreds of women and children were also killed.
2. The Babi Yar Massacre
Babi Yar is a ravine in Kiev, the capital of Ukraine. On September 29 and 30, 1941, a special team of German SS troops supported by other German units, local collaborators and Ukranian police murdered 33,771 Jewish civilians. The Babi Yar massacre is considered to be "the largest single massacre in the history of the Holocaust". In the months that followed, thousands more were seized and taken to Babi Yar where they were shot. It is estimated that more than 100,000 people, mostly civilians, of whom a significant number were Jews, were murdered by the Nazis there during World War
3. The Massacre of Prisoners
A tragic massacre committed by the Russians is the Massacre of Prisoners. The overall death toll in the Massacre of Prisoners is estimated at around 100,000, including more than 10,000 in Western Ukraine. It was a series of mass executions committed by the Soviet NKVD against prisoners in Poland, the Baltic States, and parts of the Soviet Union from which the Red Army was withdrawing after the German invasion in 1941.
4. The Katyn Massacre
The Katyn Massacre is an incident that occurred in Russia with a number of victims estimated at about 22,000. The victims were murdered in the Katyn forest, the Kalinin and Kharkiv prisons and elsewhere. This massacre is also known as the Katyn Forest massacre. It was a mass execution of Polish military officers, policemen and civilian prisoners of war ordered by Soviet authorities on March 5, 1940.
5. The Massacre of Elphinstone's Army
The total incompetence of a commanding officer led to the massacre of Elphinstone's Army in January 1842. This incident was named after Major-General William Elphinstone. It was a victory of Afghan forces, led by Akbar Khan against a combined British and Indian force led by Ephinstone. After the British and Indian troops captured Kabul in 1839, an Afghan uprising forced the occupying garrison out of the city. The British army, consisting of 4,500 troops
and 12,000 working personnel left Kabul on January 6, 1842. They attempted to reach the British garrison at Jalalabad, 90 miles away, but were immediately harassed by Afghan forces. The remaining forces were killed near Gandamak on the 13th of January. Only William Brydon, the assistant surgeon, survived and managed to reach Jalalabad.
6. The Batak Massacre
Batak massacre occurred on April 30, 1876. It is referred to the massacre of Bulgarians in Batak by 8,000 Ottoman troops at the beginning of the April Uprising. There were an estimated 3,000 to 5,000 number of victims according to different sources. According to other sources, 5,000 people were massacred in Batak alone. The number of victims in the district of Philippopolis estimated at 15,000. Most of the victims were beheaded.
1. The Nanking Massacre
The massacre of Nanking according to reliable sources had estimated 200,000 - 300,000 victims, mostly civilians. This infamous tragedy is one of the most tragic in Chinese history. This incident is popularly called the Rape of Nanking, an act of violence committed by soldiers of the Japanese Imperial Army upon its occupation of China in December, 1937 and lasted until early February 1938. The Japanese army committed numerous atrocities, such as rape, looting, arson and the execution of prisoners of war and civilians. Hundreds of women and children were also killed.
2. The Babi Yar Massacre
Babi Yar is a ravine in Kiev, the capital of Ukraine. On September 29 and 30, 1941, a special team of German SS troops supported by other German units, local collaborators and Ukranian police murdered 33,771 Jewish civilians. The Babi Yar massacre is considered to be "the largest single massacre in the history of the Holocaust". In the months that followed, thousands more were seized and taken to Babi Yar where they were shot. It is estimated that more than 100,000 people, mostly civilians, of whom a significant number were Jews, were murdered by the Nazis there during World War
3. The Massacre of Prisoners
A tragic massacre committed by the Russians is the Massacre of Prisoners. The overall death toll in the Massacre of Prisoners is estimated at around 100,000, including more than 10,000 in Western Ukraine. It was a series of mass executions committed by the Soviet NKVD against prisoners in Poland, the Baltic States, and parts of the Soviet Union from which the Red Army was withdrawing after the German invasion in 1941.
4. The Katyn Massacre
The Katyn Massacre is an incident that occurred in Russia with a number of victims estimated at about 22,000. The victims were murdered in the Katyn forest, the Kalinin and Kharkiv prisons and elsewhere. This massacre is also known as the Katyn Forest massacre. It was a mass execution of Polish military officers, policemen and civilian prisoners of war ordered by Soviet authorities on March 5, 1940.
5. The Massacre of Elphinstone's Army
The total incompetence of a commanding officer led to the massacre of Elphinstone's Army in January 1842. This incident was named after Major-General William Elphinstone. It was a victory of Afghan forces, led by Akbar Khan against a combined British and Indian force led by Ephinstone. After the British and Indian troops captured Kabul in 1839, an Afghan uprising forced the occupying garrison out of the city. The British army, consisting of 4,500 troops
and 12,000 working personnel left Kabul on January 6, 1842. They attempted to reach the British garrison at Jalalabad, 90 miles away, but were immediately harassed by Afghan forces. The remaining forces were killed near Gandamak on the 13th of January. Only William Brydon, the assistant surgeon, survived and managed to reach Jalalabad.
6. The Batak Massacre
Batak massacre occurred on April 30, 1876. It is referred to the massacre of Bulgarians in Batak by 8,000 Ottoman troops at the beginning of the April Uprising. There were an estimated 3,000 to 5,000 number of victims according to different sources. According to other sources, 5,000 people were massacred in Batak alone. The number of victims in the district of Philippopolis estimated at 15,000. Most of the victims were beheaded.
Thursday, August 5, 2010
DO NOT LIGHT UP THE FIRE
Umno Information Chief Datuk Ahmad Maslan reminded Petaling Jaya Utara MP Tony Pua not to light up the fire by proposing the scrapping of discounts for bumiputera for the purchase of commercial and luxury properties in Selangor. He said the current percentage of shophouses and business premises owned by Bumiputeras in the urban areas was very low, at only 14 per cent, and that the scrapping of the discounts would only make things worse. "So, I'm asking YB Tony Pua not to play with fire," he said, "Don't even light a match." Ahmad said the DAP leader had clearly made the suggestion with total disregard of the sensitivity of the Malays and Bumiputeras in the country who made about two third of the country's population.
He believed that the statement was a part of DAP's long lists of attempts to question the Malay and Bumiputera privileges in the country. Hence, he said DAP and Tony Pua should try to understand the Federal Constitution especially the articles related to the Malay and Bumiputera privileges, social contract and the country's history. "Tony Pua's statement was merely based on business and profit sentiments," he said. Ahmad also called on Malays and Bumiputeras to give top priority to education in order to progress and compete with others.
He believed that the statement was a part of DAP's long lists of attempts to question the Malay and Bumiputera privileges in the country. Hence, he said DAP and Tony Pua should try to understand the Federal Constitution especially the articles related to the Malay and Bumiputera privileges, social contract and the country's history. "Tony Pua's statement was merely based on business and profit sentiments," he said. Ahmad also called on Malays and Bumiputeras to give top priority to education in order to progress and compete with others.
Wednesday, August 4, 2010
CHINA TO ENHANCE ARMY'S CAPABILITIES FOR NATIONAL INTEREST
China's armed forces will continue to enhance its capabilities and military readiness to safeguard sovereignty, security and development of the nation, Defense Minister Liang Guanglie said Saturday. Liang made the remarks while addressing a reception held in Beijing to mark the 83rd anniversary of the founding of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) on Aug. 1. "We will continue to strengthen the PLA's capability to accomplish diversified military tasks, particularly for winning regional wars under informationized circumstances, to firmly safeguard national sovereignty, security and development," he said.He said China's core security interest will always guide the development of the Chinese army. He said the army should strengthen military training, adopt more high and new technology weapons and equipment, improve military logistics and increase combat capabilities by using information technology.
The PLA will actively take part in and support economic development, keep sabotage of hostile and separatist forces at bay, and contribute to the development and stability of the country, he said. Liang, also a member of the Central Military Commission (CMC) and a state councilor, said the army will continue to devote itself to the country's complete reunification while promoting a peaceful development of relations between the Chinese mainland and Taiwan. "We will continue to oppose separatist activities of 'Taiwan independence' forces, while firmly safeguarding national sovereignty, security and territorial integrity," Liang said. "The PLA will enhance exchanges and cooperation with armed forces of all countries, in accordance with the principles of mutual respect, equal negotiation, and reciprocity," he said. "The Chinese army will also actively fulfill international responsibilities and obligations, and will contribute to the world peace and development," Liang said. In August 1927, armed forces led by the Communist Party of China held an uprising against warlords. The first day of August was later designated as the PLA's founding day.
The PLA will actively take part in and support economic development, keep sabotage of hostile and separatist forces at bay, and contribute to the development and stability of the country, he said. Liang, also a member of the Central Military Commission (CMC) and a state councilor, said the army will continue to devote itself to the country's complete reunification while promoting a peaceful development of relations between the Chinese mainland and Taiwan. "We will continue to oppose separatist activities of 'Taiwan independence' forces, while firmly safeguarding national sovereignty, security and territorial integrity," Liang said. "The PLA will enhance exchanges and cooperation with armed forces of all countries, in accordance with the principles of mutual respect, equal negotiation, and reciprocity," he said. "The Chinese army will also actively fulfill international responsibilities and obligations, and will contribute to the world peace and development," Liang said. In August 1927, armed forces led by the Communist Party of China held an uprising against warlords. The first day of August was later designated as the PLA's founding day.
Tuesday, August 3, 2010
BEIJING CLAIMS 'INDISPUTABLE SOVEREIGNTY' OVER SOUTH CHINA SEA
The Chinese military declared Friday that China had "indisputable sovereignty" over the South China Sea but insisted it would continue to allow others to freely navigate one of the busiest waterways in the world. The statement by the People's Liberation Army seemed designed to reiterate China's claims to the entire 1.3 million-square-mile waterway while calming concerns in Washington and Asian capitals that its policy toward the region had suddenly become significantly more aggressive. "China has indisputable sovereignty of the South Sea, and China has sufficient historical and legal backing" to support its claims, Senior Col. Geng Yansheng, a Ministry of Defense spokesman, told reporters Friday during a visit to an engineering unit on the outskirts of Beijing. But he added, "We will, in accordance with the demands of international law, respect the freedom of the passage of ships or aircraft from relevant countries." Geng's remarks were in reaction to a push last week by the United States, Vietnam and other Southeast Asian countries tochallenge China's claims to the whole sea.
In Hanoi on July 23, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton told a regional security forum that it was in the United States' "national interest" that freedom of navigation be maintained in the sea. Clinton also challenged China's claims to the whole sea, through which half of all shipped merchant tonnage passes each year. U.S. and Asian officials have said that Vietnam and the United States spearheaded the push in part over concerns that China's navy has become increasingly aggressive in the sea, seizing fishing boats and arresting sailors from other countries. Some exchanges of gunfire have also occurred in recent months, Asian officials said. China's claims to the South China Sea stretch back at least to the 1930s, when official maps from China contained the whole sea as Chinese territory.
China's historians have also pointed to ancient shards of pottery on atolls as proof that the sea has historically belonged to China. The U.S. push on the issue seems to have taken Chinese leaders by surprise although U.S. officials have been speaking with China about the problem for months. Dai Bingguo, China's state councilor in charge of foreign policy, told Clinton in May during a tense exchange on the region that China viewed its claims to the sea as a "core national interest." China's embassy in Washington also asked the State Department not to raise the subject in the run-up to the meeting in Hanoi and apparently thought Washington would follow its wishes, Chinese sources said.
In Hanoi on July 23, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton told a regional security forum that it was in the United States' "national interest" that freedom of navigation be maintained in the sea. Clinton also challenged China's claims to the whole sea, through which half of all shipped merchant tonnage passes each year. U.S. and Asian officials have said that Vietnam and the United States spearheaded the push in part over concerns that China's navy has become increasingly aggressive in the sea, seizing fishing boats and arresting sailors from other countries. Some exchanges of gunfire have also occurred in recent months, Asian officials said. China's claims to the South China Sea stretch back at least to the 1930s, when official maps from China contained the whole sea as Chinese territory.
China's historians have also pointed to ancient shards of pottery on atolls as proof that the sea has historically belonged to China. The U.S. push on the issue seems to have taken Chinese leaders by surprise although U.S. officials have been speaking with China about the problem for months. Dai Bingguo, China's state councilor in charge of foreign policy, told Clinton in May during a tense exchange on the region that China viewed its claims to the sea as a "core national interest." China's embassy in Washington also asked the State Department not to raise the subject in the run-up to the meeting in Hanoi and apparently thought Washington would follow its wishes, Chinese sources said.
Monday, August 2, 2010
Joke Of The Day
Wrong Target
A wedding occurred just outside Cavan in Ireland. To keep tradition going, everyone got extremely drunk and the bride's and groom's families have a storming row and begin wrecking the reception room and generally kicking the living daylights out of each other.
The Police get called in to break up the fight. The following week, all members of both families appear in court.The fight continues in the court room until the Judge finally brings calm with the use of his hammer,shouting, "Silence in Court!"
The court room goes silent and Paddy,the Best Man, stands up and says,
"I was the Best Man at the wedding and I think I should explain what happened."
The Judge agrees and asks Paddy to take the stand.
Paddy begins his explanation by telling the court that it is traditional in a Cavan wedding that the Best Man gets the first dance with the bride.
The judge says, "Okay."
"Well," said Paddy, "After I had finished the first dance, the music kept going, so I continued dancing to the second song, and after that the music kept going and I was dancing to the third song, when all of a sudden the groom leapt over the table, ran towards us and gave the bride an unmerciful kick right between her legs."
Shocked, the Judge instantly responded, "God, that must have hurt!"
"Hurt?!" Paddy replies. "He broke three of my fingers!"
A wedding occurred just outside Cavan in Ireland. To keep tradition going, everyone got extremely drunk and the bride's and groom's families have a storming row and begin wrecking the reception room and generally kicking the living daylights out of each other.
The Police get called in to break up the fight. The following week, all members of both families appear in court.The fight continues in the court room until the Judge finally brings calm with the use of his hammer,shouting, "Silence in Court!"
The court room goes silent and Paddy,the Best Man, stands up and says,
"I was the Best Man at the wedding and I think I should explain what happened."
The Judge agrees and asks Paddy to take the stand.
Paddy begins his explanation by telling the court that it is traditional in a Cavan wedding that the Best Man gets the first dance with the bride.
The judge says, "Okay."
"Well," said Paddy, "After I had finished the first dance, the music kept going, so I continued dancing to the second song, and after that the music kept going and I was dancing to the third song, when all of a sudden the groom leapt over the table, ran towards us and gave the bride an unmerciful kick right between her legs."
Shocked, the Judge instantly responded, "God, that must have hurt!"
"Hurt?!" Paddy replies. "He broke three of my fingers!"
Tahukah Anda Bahagian Akhir
WINNING HEART AND MIND
1. Pengampunan Beramai-Ramai
• Tujuan – menggalakkan pengganas komunis menyerah diri
• Pada tahun 1955 sebanyak 40 juta risalah & 12 juta pas pengampunan diedarkan dalam
bahasa Cina, Melayu & Tamil
• setiap hari Radio Malaya menyiarkan syarat tawaran pengampunan itu
• Poster ditampal di serata tempat
• Iklan & wayang gambar digunakan untuk membantu penduduk memujuk pengganas komunis menyerah diri
2. Pertemuan Baling
• Dalam Pilihan Raya Majlis Perundangan Persektuan tahun 1955, Parti Perikatan
mengemukakan manifesto yang menjanjikan kemerdekaan segera & menamatkan darurat
• Tunku Abdul Rahman berjanji jika diberi mandat akan berunding dengan pihak komunis
• Pada Oktober 1955, Chin Peng menulis surat kepada Tunku Abdul Rahman untuk
mengadakan rundingan
• Pada 28 & 29 Disember 1955 pertemuan antara Tunku Abdul Rahman dengan Chin Peng diadakan di pekan Baling, Kedah iaitu di Sekolah Inggeris Baling
• Rundingan ini diwakili oleh;
• Wakil kerajaan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu – Tunku Abdul Rahman, David Marshall & Tun Tan Cheng Lock
• Wakil Parti Komunis Malaya – Chin Peng, Chien Tien & Rashid Maidin
• Tunku Abdul Rahman meminta supaya Chin Peng membubarkan Parti Komunis Malaya, meletak senjata & menyerah diri
• Chin Peng pula mengenakan syarat iaitu Parti Komunis Malaya hanya akan letak senjata & menyerah diri sekiranya kerajaan bersetuju mengakui Parti Komunis Malaya sebagai sebuah parti politik yang sah
• Hasilnya – pertemuan tersebut gagal kerana Tunku Abdul Rahman enggan bertolak ansur dengan syarat Chin Peng
• Chin Peng menegaskan ideologi komunis tidak akan hilang
3. Kenapa Tunku Abdul Rahman Tidak Bersetuju:
• Fahaman komunis tidak sesuai dalam kehidupan masyarakat berbilang kaum di Tanah Melayu
• Beliau sedia berunding dengan Parti Komunis Malaya pada bila2 masa jika Parti Komunis Malaya berubah fikiran
• Tanah Melayu mencapai kemerdekaan semasa undang2 darurat belum ditamatkan lagi
• Apabila Tanah Melayu merdeka pengaruh komunis semakin merosot
• Tanah Melayu bukanlah sebuah negara komunis
KESAN DARURAT
1. Kesan Terhadap Politik
i. Undang2 Darurat 1948
• Diperkenalkan kerana kekejaman & keganasan komunis
• Tujuan – membendung gerakan kebangsaan berhaluan kiri walaupun bukan bercorak komunis & juga gerakan Min Yuen
ii. Kelonggaran Syarat Kerakyatan
• Diberikan kepada orang bukan Melayu tahun 1952
• Tujuan – menarik minat mereka supaya tidak memihak kepada komunis
iii. British Menyegerakan Pemberian Kemerdekaan
• Darurat menjadi faktor penting British memberikan taraf berkerajaan sendiri kepada rakyat Tanah Melayu
• Ia disuarakan British sebelum Pertemuan Baling diadakan
• Tujuan British – supaya Parti Komunis Malaya tidak mempunyai alasan untuk meneruskan perjuangan mereka
iv. Penubuhan Malayan Chinese Association (MCA)
• Merupakan usaha menarik minat orang Cina melibatkan diri dalam politik berhaluan kanan
• Antara kesan-kesannya ialah;
• Orang Cina mula memberi kerjasama & membantu kerajaan membanteras komunis
• Berjaya mengikis pandangan negatif penduduk tempatan terhadap orang Cina yang menganggap semua orang Cina adalah pengganas komunis
2. Kesan Terhadap Ekonomi
i. Kehidupan Rakyat Tidak Tenteram
• Keganasan Parti Komunis Malaya secara berterusan menyebabkan rakyat tidak dapat menjalankan kegiatan harian
ii. Kemusnahan Kemudahan Asas
• Berlaku kemusnahan sistem perhubungan, jentera melombong, kemudahan awam akibat sabotaj oleh Parti Komunis Malaya
iii. Gangguan Terhadap Buruh Ladang
• Keadaan ini menjejaskan pengeluaran sumber ekonomi negara
• Ramai pekerja ladang berasa tidak selamat untuk bekerja
iv. Perbelanjaan Kerajaan Meningkat
• Kerajaan membelanjakan sebanyak $250 000 hingga $300 000 sehari semasa darurat
• Dalam tempoh 12 tahun kerajaan membelanjakan sebanyak $721.9 juta bagi tujuan membeli peralatan ketenteraan untuk mengukuhkan pertahanan, memperbesar pasukan keselamatan, menambah bilangan polis, tentera & Home Guard untuk melindungi keselamatan rakyat
v. Pembangunan Luar Bandar Terabai
• Kerajaan lebih menumpukan perhatian kepada usaha membanteras komunis & darurat
• Lebih ditumpukan kepada pembangunan di perkampungan baru
• Antara kesannya ialah pembangunan luar bandar kurang diberi perhatian
3. Kesan Terhadap Sosial
i. Kecederaan & Kematian
• Ramai anggota pasukan keselamatan, pengganas komunis & orang awam terkorban
• Akhir tahun 1950-an jumlah yang dikenal pasti ialah;
• Seramai 21 231 orang awam & tentera terbunuh & cedera
• Seramai 6133 orang pengganas komunis terkorban
ii. Penduduk Hidup Sengsara & Menderita
• Peperangan menentang pengganas komunis berlangsung selama 12 tahun
• Ia membawa kesengsaraan hidup penduduk Tanah Melayu
• Antaranya ialah;
• Penduduk sukar bergerak
• Sukar mendapat bekalan makanan
• Terpaksa mematuhi pelbagai undang-undang yang dikenakan kerajaan
• Penduduk luar bandar tidak dapat menjalankan aktiviti harian
• Pekebun kecil tidak dapat mengusahakan pertanian kerana larangan perintah berkurung
• Terpaksa bergantung kepada makanan seperti ubi & keledek kerana catuan bekalan makanan sama seperti zaman pendudukan Jepun
iii. Masalah Hubungan Kaum
• Tempoh darurat yang panjang memberi kesan kepada hubungan kaum di Tanah Melayu
• Tahun 1949 ditubuhkan Community Liaison Committee (CLC) atau Jawatankuasa Hubungan Antara Kaum
• Ianya bertujuan untuk mengeratkan kerjasama antara kaum di Tanah Melayu
iv. Pelaksanaan Dasar Pelajaran Kebangsaan
• Dasar ini berorientasikan kandungan sukatan pelajaran Tanah Melayu sendiri
• Ianya bertujuan untuk memupuk semangat cintakan tanah air di kalangan generasi muda
• Penggunaan bahasa pengantar yang sama diharapkan dapat memupuk persefahaman antara kaum
1. Pengampunan Beramai-Ramai
• Tujuan – menggalakkan pengganas komunis menyerah diri
• Pada tahun 1955 sebanyak 40 juta risalah & 12 juta pas pengampunan diedarkan dalam
bahasa Cina, Melayu & Tamil
• setiap hari Radio Malaya menyiarkan syarat tawaran pengampunan itu
• Poster ditampal di serata tempat
• Iklan & wayang gambar digunakan untuk membantu penduduk memujuk pengganas komunis menyerah diri
2. Pertemuan Baling
• Dalam Pilihan Raya Majlis Perundangan Persektuan tahun 1955, Parti Perikatan
mengemukakan manifesto yang menjanjikan kemerdekaan segera & menamatkan darurat
• Tunku Abdul Rahman berjanji jika diberi mandat akan berunding dengan pihak komunis
• Pada Oktober 1955, Chin Peng menulis surat kepada Tunku Abdul Rahman untuk
mengadakan rundingan
• Pada 28 & 29 Disember 1955 pertemuan antara Tunku Abdul Rahman dengan Chin Peng diadakan di pekan Baling, Kedah iaitu di Sekolah Inggeris Baling
• Rundingan ini diwakili oleh;
• Wakil kerajaan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu – Tunku Abdul Rahman, David Marshall & Tun Tan Cheng Lock
• Wakil Parti Komunis Malaya – Chin Peng, Chien Tien & Rashid Maidin
• Tunku Abdul Rahman meminta supaya Chin Peng membubarkan Parti Komunis Malaya, meletak senjata & menyerah diri
• Chin Peng pula mengenakan syarat iaitu Parti Komunis Malaya hanya akan letak senjata & menyerah diri sekiranya kerajaan bersetuju mengakui Parti Komunis Malaya sebagai sebuah parti politik yang sah
• Hasilnya – pertemuan tersebut gagal kerana Tunku Abdul Rahman enggan bertolak ansur dengan syarat Chin Peng
• Chin Peng menegaskan ideologi komunis tidak akan hilang
3. Kenapa Tunku Abdul Rahman Tidak Bersetuju:
• Fahaman komunis tidak sesuai dalam kehidupan masyarakat berbilang kaum di Tanah Melayu
• Beliau sedia berunding dengan Parti Komunis Malaya pada bila2 masa jika Parti Komunis Malaya berubah fikiran
• Tanah Melayu mencapai kemerdekaan semasa undang2 darurat belum ditamatkan lagi
• Apabila Tanah Melayu merdeka pengaruh komunis semakin merosot
• Tanah Melayu bukanlah sebuah negara komunis
KESAN DARURAT
1. Kesan Terhadap Politik
i. Undang2 Darurat 1948
• Diperkenalkan kerana kekejaman & keganasan komunis
• Tujuan – membendung gerakan kebangsaan berhaluan kiri walaupun bukan bercorak komunis & juga gerakan Min Yuen
ii. Kelonggaran Syarat Kerakyatan
• Diberikan kepada orang bukan Melayu tahun 1952
• Tujuan – menarik minat mereka supaya tidak memihak kepada komunis
iii. British Menyegerakan Pemberian Kemerdekaan
• Darurat menjadi faktor penting British memberikan taraf berkerajaan sendiri kepada rakyat Tanah Melayu
• Ia disuarakan British sebelum Pertemuan Baling diadakan
• Tujuan British – supaya Parti Komunis Malaya tidak mempunyai alasan untuk meneruskan perjuangan mereka
iv. Penubuhan Malayan Chinese Association (MCA)
• Merupakan usaha menarik minat orang Cina melibatkan diri dalam politik berhaluan kanan
• Antara kesan-kesannya ialah;
• Orang Cina mula memberi kerjasama & membantu kerajaan membanteras komunis
• Berjaya mengikis pandangan negatif penduduk tempatan terhadap orang Cina yang menganggap semua orang Cina adalah pengganas komunis
2. Kesan Terhadap Ekonomi
i. Kehidupan Rakyat Tidak Tenteram
• Keganasan Parti Komunis Malaya secara berterusan menyebabkan rakyat tidak dapat menjalankan kegiatan harian
ii. Kemusnahan Kemudahan Asas
• Berlaku kemusnahan sistem perhubungan, jentera melombong, kemudahan awam akibat sabotaj oleh Parti Komunis Malaya
iii. Gangguan Terhadap Buruh Ladang
• Keadaan ini menjejaskan pengeluaran sumber ekonomi negara
• Ramai pekerja ladang berasa tidak selamat untuk bekerja
iv. Perbelanjaan Kerajaan Meningkat
• Kerajaan membelanjakan sebanyak $250 000 hingga $300 000 sehari semasa darurat
• Dalam tempoh 12 tahun kerajaan membelanjakan sebanyak $721.9 juta bagi tujuan membeli peralatan ketenteraan untuk mengukuhkan pertahanan, memperbesar pasukan keselamatan, menambah bilangan polis, tentera & Home Guard untuk melindungi keselamatan rakyat
v. Pembangunan Luar Bandar Terabai
• Kerajaan lebih menumpukan perhatian kepada usaha membanteras komunis & darurat
• Lebih ditumpukan kepada pembangunan di perkampungan baru
• Antara kesannya ialah pembangunan luar bandar kurang diberi perhatian
3. Kesan Terhadap Sosial
i. Kecederaan & Kematian
• Ramai anggota pasukan keselamatan, pengganas komunis & orang awam terkorban
• Akhir tahun 1950-an jumlah yang dikenal pasti ialah;
• Seramai 21 231 orang awam & tentera terbunuh & cedera
• Seramai 6133 orang pengganas komunis terkorban
ii. Penduduk Hidup Sengsara & Menderita
• Peperangan menentang pengganas komunis berlangsung selama 12 tahun
• Ia membawa kesengsaraan hidup penduduk Tanah Melayu
• Antaranya ialah;
• Penduduk sukar bergerak
• Sukar mendapat bekalan makanan
• Terpaksa mematuhi pelbagai undang-undang yang dikenakan kerajaan
• Penduduk luar bandar tidak dapat menjalankan aktiviti harian
• Pekebun kecil tidak dapat mengusahakan pertanian kerana larangan perintah berkurung
• Terpaksa bergantung kepada makanan seperti ubi & keledek kerana catuan bekalan makanan sama seperti zaman pendudukan Jepun
iii. Masalah Hubungan Kaum
• Tempoh darurat yang panjang memberi kesan kepada hubungan kaum di Tanah Melayu
• Tahun 1949 ditubuhkan Community Liaison Committee (CLC) atau Jawatankuasa Hubungan Antara Kaum
• Ianya bertujuan untuk mengeratkan kerjasama antara kaum di Tanah Melayu
iv. Pelaksanaan Dasar Pelajaran Kebangsaan
• Dasar ini berorientasikan kandungan sukatan pelajaran Tanah Melayu sendiri
• Ianya bertujuan untuk memupuk semangat cintakan tanah air di kalangan generasi muda
• Penggunaan bahasa pengantar yang sama diharapkan dapat memupuk persefahaman antara kaum
Sunday, August 1, 2010
Tahukah Anda Bahagian 3
RANCANGAN BRIGGS
1. Rancangan ini dilancarkan oleh Sir Henry Gurney pada tahun 1950
• Pengarah Operasi ialah Leftenan Jeneral Sir Harold Rowdon Briggs
• Rancangan ini melibatkan penempatan semula penduduk di kawasan pinggir hutan ke
kawasan penempatan baru
• Digelar ‘kampung baru’
• Contoh – kampung baru di Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang
• Tujuan – menyekat bekalan makanan, wang, maklumat & ubat-ubatan kepada pihak komunis
• Tindakan ini sangat berkesan melumpuhkan gerakan Min Yuen di Tanah Melayu apabila penduduk setinggan Cina dipindahkan ke kampung baru
• Min Yuen – ditubuhkan oleh Parti Komunis Malaya untuk memberi maklumat, bekalkan makanan & ubat kepada pengganas komunis
• Anggotan Min Yuen – pekerja lombong & ladang
2. Cara Pelaksanaan Rancangan Briggs
• Seramai 400 000 orang penduduk setinggan Cina dipindahkan ke lebih 400 buah kampung baru di seluruh Tanah Melayu
• Kampung baru dilengkapi kemudahan asas seperti tempat tinggal, sekolah, kemudahan
kesihatan, bekalan elektrik & air paip
• Ia dipagari dengan kawat berduri & dikawal ketat oleh Special Constables (SC)
• Setiap ketua keluarga diberi kad catuan makanan bagi memastikan setiap anggota keluarga memperoleh bekalan makanan secukupnya
• Pergerakan keluar masuk setiap penduduk dikawal selia setiap masa
• Kerajaan juga melaksanakan program “Gerakan Kelaparan” – tujuan memastikan pihak
komunis tidak mendapat sebarang bekalan makanan, senjata, maklumat & ubat
• Briggs menyokong penubuhan Malayan Chinese Association (MCA) pada tahun 1949 untuk membantu setinggan Cina di kampung baru
• MCA merupakan pertubuhan sosial masyarakat Cina & menjalankan aktiviti kutipan derma melalui jualan loteri kebajikan
• Kutipan jualan loteri didermakan kepada penduduk Cina di kampung baru
3. Langkah-Langkah Keselamatan Yang Dilaksanakan British Bagi Menggempur Pengganas Komunis Di Perkampungan Baru
i. Mengadakan Sekatan Jalan Raya
• Tujuan – mencegah bekalan makanan, ubat & maklumat sampai ke tangan komunis
• Tanpa barang2 keperluan ini pengganas komunis terpaksa keluar dari tempat persembunyian mereka
• Ia memudahkan pasukan keselamatan menggempur pengganas komunis
ii. Sistem Pendaftaran Kebangsaan
• Tujuan – mengawal pergerakan penduduk
• Setiap penduduk berumur 12 tahun atau lebih mesti didaftarkan & diberi kad pengenalan untuk membezakannya dengan pengganas komunis
4. Kesan Kejayaan Rancangan Briggs
• Berjaya melumpuhkan rangkaian gerakan Parti Komunis Malaya
• Sokongan terhadap Parti Komunis Malaya semakin merosot
• Dalam Mesyuarat Jawatankuasa Pusat di Pahang, Parti Komunis Malaya mengambil keputusan mengurangkan kekejaman terhadap orang awam
• Parti Komunis Malaya berundur ke selatan Thailand
5. Gerak Saraf Dan Perang Saraf
• Merupakan rancangan British menghapuskan pengganas komunis melalui kempen
“memenangi hati & fikiran rakyat”
• Tahun 1952 Sir Gerald Templer dilantik menjadi Pesuruhjaya Tinggi British di Tanah Melayu & Pengarah Gerakan
• Beliau menggantikan Sir Henry Gurney yang mati dibunuh dalam serangan hendap oleh
komunis ketika dalam perjalanan ke Bukit Fraser
• Sir Gerald Templer menyedari penggunaan kekerasan & senjata semata2 tidak akan berjaya menghapuskan pengaruh komunis
6. Kempen2 & Langkah2 Yang Dilaksanakan British Untuk Menjayakan Perang Saraf
i. Kempen “Bulan Penduduk Tanah Melayu Menentang Komunis”
• Dilaksanakan dengan jayanya
• Penduduk pelbagai kaum bersama2 membawa sepanduk mengutuk keganasan komunis
• Penduduk membakar patung2 komunis
ii. Mengedar Risalah Menentang Komunis
• Risalah diedarkan ke seluruh Tanah Melayu
• Perang saraf ini menimbulkan kebencian penduduk terhadap kekejaman komunis
• Penduduk rela hati menawarkan diri menyertai pasukan keselamatan & polis untuk mempertahankan tanah air
iii. Konsep “Kawasan Hitam” & “Kawasan Putih”
• Kawasan hitam merupakan kawasan yang terdapat kegiatan komunis yang aktif & dikenakan perintah berkurung
• Perintah berkurung – larangan kepada setiap individu daripada keluar rumah bermula jam 6 petang hingga 6 pagi
• Kawasan putih ialah kawasan bebas daripada ancaman komunis
• Contoh kawasan putih – Melaka, Terengganu, Kedah, Perlis & Negeri Sembilan
• Ia diisytiharkan oleh Sir Gerald Templer pada tahun 1954
iv. British Melonggarkan Syarat Kerakyatan Kepada Orang Cina
• Tujuan – menarik sokongan orang Cina terhadap usaha perang saraf
• Tahun 1952 seramai 1.2 juta orang Cina & 180 ribu orang India menjadi warganegara Tanah Melayu
• Ia menunjukkan pengorbanan orang Melayu terhadap kaum lain demi perpaduan & kesejahteraan rakyat
v. British Menaikkan Jumlah Hadiah Tentang Gerila Komunis
• Diberikan kepada mereka yang berjaya menangkap & memberi maklumat berkaitan komunis
• Antara contohnya ialah;
• Hadiah menangkap Chin Peng hidup atau mati sebanyak $250 000
• Chin Peng merupakan Setiausaha Parti Komunis Malaya yang berasal dari Sitiawan Perak & nama sebenarnya Ong Boon Hua
• Hadiah untuk menangkap atau membunuh orang kanan Chin Peng sebanyak $200 000
• Tawaran hadiah ini telah disiarkan dalam surat khabar The Straits Times pada 1 Mei 1952 di Singapura
vi. Peranan Sultan & Menteri Besar
• Sultan & menteri besar setiap negeri sering mengingatkan rakyat tentang langkah2 kerajaan menentang komunis
• Antara contohnya ialah;
• Sultan Pahang - sentiasa ingatkan rakyatnya jangan terpedaya dengan janji komunis & orang Melayu yang menyokong komunis dianggap pengkhianat negara
• Menteri Besar Pahang – mengingatkan orang ramai kekejaman Tentera Bintang Tiga
• Dato’ Onn Jaafar – menyeru rakyat membantu kerajaan menghapuskan komunis di Tanah Melayu
• Kerajaan berusaha menimbulkan kebencian rakyat terhadap komunis dengan menggelar mereka sebagai pengganas
vii. Menguatkuasakan Peraturan Catuan Bekalan Makanan
• Pengganas komunis yang terdesak terpaksa bercucuk tanam untuk mendapatkan bekalan makanan sendiri di dalam hutan
• Pasukan keselamatan berjaya gagalkan rancangan komunis dengan menyembur racun ke kawasan tanaman tersebut
1. Rancangan ini dilancarkan oleh Sir Henry Gurney pada tahun 1950
• Pengarah Operasi ialah Leftenan Jeneral Sir Harold Rowdon Briggs
• Rancangan ini melibatkan penempatan semula penduduk di kawasan pinggir hutan ke
kawasan penempatan baru
• Digelar ‘kampung baru’
• Contoh – kampung baru di Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang
• Tujuan – menyekat bekalan makanan, wang, maklumat & ubat-ubatan kepada pihak komunis
• Tindakan ini sangat berkesan melumpuhkan gerakan Min Yuen di Tanah Melayu apabila penduduk setinggan Cina dipindahkan ke kampung baru
• Min Yuen – ditubuhkan oleh Parti Komunis Malaya untuk memberi maklumat, bekalkan makanan & ubat kepada pengganas komunis
• Anggotan Min Yuen – pekerja lombong & ladang
2. Cara Pelaksanaan Rancangan Briggs
• Seramai 400 000 orang penduduk setinggan Cina dipindahkan ke lebih 400 buah kampung baru di seluruh Tanah Melayu
• Kampung baru dilengkapi kemudahan asas seperti tempat tinggal, sekolah, kemudahan
kesihatan, bekalan elektrik & air paip
• Ia dipagari dengan kawat berduri & dikawal ketat oleh Special Constables (SC)
• Setiap ketua keluarga diberi kad catuan makanan bagi memastikan setiap anggota keluarga memperoleh bekalan makanan secukupnya
• Pergerakan keluar masuk setiap penduduk dikawal selia setiap masa
• Kerajaan juga melaksanakan program “Gerakan Kelaparan” – tujuan memastikan pihak
komunis tidak mendapat sebarang bekalan makanan, senjata, maklumat & ubat
• Briggs menyokong penubuhan Malayan Chinese Association (MCA) pada tahun 1949 untuk membantu setinggan Cina di kampung baru
• MCA merupakan pertubuhan sosial masyarakat Cina & menjalankan aktiviti kutipan derma melalui jualan loteri kebajikan
• Kutipan jualan loteri didermakan kepada penduduk Cina di kampung baru
3. Langkah-Langkah Keselamatan Yang Dilaksanakan British Bagi Menggempur Pengganas Komunis Di Perkampungan Baru
i. Mengadakan Sekatan Jalan Raya
• Tujuan – mencegah bekalan makanan, ubat & maklumat sampai ke tangan komunis
• Tanpa barang2 keperluan ini pengganas komunis terpaksa keluar dari tempat persembunyian mereka
• Ia memudahkan pasukan keselamatan menggempur pengganas komunis
ii. Sistem Pendaftaran Kebangsaan
• Tujuan – mengawal pergerakan penduduk
• Setiap penduduk berumur 12 tahun atau lebih mesti didaftarkan & diberi kad pengenalan untuk membezakannya dengan pengganas komunis
4. Kesan Kejayaan Rancangan Briggs
• Berjaya melumpuhkan rangkaian gerakan Parti Komunis Malaya
• Sokongan terhadap Parti Komunis Malaya semakin merosot
• Dalam Mesyuarat Jawatankuasa Pusat di Pahang, Parti Komunis Malaya mengambil keputusan mengurangkan kekejaman terhadap orang awam
• Parti Komunis Malaya berundur ke selatan Thailand
5. Gerak Saraf Dan Perang Saraf
• Merupakan rancangan British menghapuskan pengganas komunis melalui kempen
“memenangi hati & fikiran rakyat”
• Tahun 1952 Sir Gerald Templer dilantik menjadi Pesuruhjaya Tinggi British di Tanah Melayu & Pengarah Gerakan
• Beliau menggantikan Sir Henry Gurney yang mati dibunuh dalam serangan hendap oleh
komunis ketika dalam perjalanan ke Bukit Fraser
• Sir Gerald Templer menyedari penggunaan kekerasan & senjata semata2 tidak akan berjaya menghapuskan pengaruh komunis
6. Kempen2 & Langkah2 Yang Dilaksanakan British Untuk Menjayakan Perang Saraf
i. Kempen “Bulan Penduduk Tanah Melayu Menentang Komunis”
• Dilaksanakan dengan jayanya
• Penduduk pelbagai kaum bersama2 membawa sepanduk mengutuk keganasan komunis
• Penduduk membakar patung2 komunis
ii. Mengedar Risalah Menentang Komunis
• Risalah diedarkan ke seluruh Tanah Melayu
• Perang saraf ini menimbulkan kebencian penduduk terhadap kekejaman komunis
• Penduduk rela hati menawarkan diri menyertai pasukan keselamatan & polis untuk mempertahankan tanah air
iii. Konsep “Kawasan Hitam” & “Kawasan Putih”
• Kawasan hitam merupakan kawasan yang terdapat kegiatan komunis yang aktif & dikenakan perintah berkurung
• Perintah berkurung – larangan kepada setiap individu daripada keluar rumah bermula jam 6 petang hingga 6 pagi
• Kawasan putih ialah kawasan bebas daripada ancaman komunis
• Contoh kawasan putih – Melaka, Terengganu, Kedah, Perlis & Negeri Sembilan
• Ia diisytiharkan oleh Sir Gerald Templer pada tahun 1954
iv. British Melonggarkan Syarat Kerakyatan Kepada Orang Cina
• Tujuan – menarik sokongan orang Cina terhadap usaha perang saraf
• Tahun 1952 seramai 1.2 juta orang Cina & 180 ribu orang India menjadi warganegara Tanah Melayu
• Ia menunjukkan pengorbanan orang Melayu terhadap kaum lain demi perpaduan & kesejahteraan rakyat
v. British Menaikkan Jumlah Hadiah Tentang Gerila Komunis
• Diberikan kepada mereka yang berjaya menangkap & memberi maklumat berkaitan komunis
• Antara contohnya ialah;
• Hadiah menangkap Chin Peng hidup atau mati sebanyak $250 000
• Chin Peng merupakan Setiausaha Parti Komunis Malaya yang berasal dari Sitiawan Perak & nama sebenarnya Ong Boon Hua
• Hadiah untuk menangkap atau membunuh orang kanan Chin Peng sebanyak $200 000
• Tawaran hadiah ini telah disiarkan dalam surat khabar The Straits Times pada 1 Mei 1952 di Singapura
vi. Peranan Sultan & Menteri Besar
• Sultan & menteri besar setiap negeri sering mengingatkan rakyat tentang langkah2 kerajaan menentang komunis
• Antara contohnya ialah;
• Sultan Pahang - sentiasa ingatkan rakyatnya jangan terpedaya dengan janji komunis & orang Melayu yang menyokong komunis dianggap pengkhianat negara
• Menteri Besar Pahang – mengingatkan orang ramai kekejaman Tentera Bintang Tiga
• Dato’ Onn Jaafar – menyeru rakyat membantu kerajaan menghapuskan komunis di Tanah Melayu
• Kerajaan berusaha menimbulkan kebencian rakyat terhadap komunis dengan menggelar mereka sebagai pengganas
vii. Menguatkuasakan Peraturan Catuan Bekalan Makanan
• Pengganas komunis yang terdesak terpaksa bercucuk tanam untuk mendapatkan bekalan makanan sendiri di dalam hutan
• Pasukan keselamatan berjaya gagalkan rancangan komunis dengan menyembur racun ke kawasan tanaman tersebut
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